Intel DT28F160S3-100 16Mb Boot Block Flash Memory Chip Datasheet Deep Dive
The Intel DT28F160S3-100 represents a pivotal component in the landscape of late-1990s and early-2000s embedded systems. As a 16-megabit (2MB) Boot Block Flash memory chip fabricated on Intel's advanced ETOX™ II process technology, it was engineered for a specific purpose: to reliably store and execute critical system firmware, also known as the BIOS or boot code. A deep dive into its datasheet reveals the architectural and electrical nuances that made it a preferred choice for designers.
Architectural Innovation: The Boot Block Concept
The most defining feature of this memory chip is its asymmetrical asymmetrically-blocked architecture. Unlike a uniform flash array, the 16Mb density is divided into multiple blocks of varying sizes. This includes one 16-Kbyte parameter block, two 8-Kbyte parameter blocks, one 32-Kbyte main block, and fifteen 64-Kbyte main blocks. The crown jewel of this architecture is the top or bottom boot block configuration (the DT28F160S3 uses a top boot block). This smallest, 16-Kbyte block at the highest memory address is physically hardened to offer maximum protection. It is this block where the initial system boot code resides. Its unique lock-down mechanism ensures that this critical code cannot be accidentally erased or overwritten during a firmware update for other sections, thereby guaranteeing system recovery and reliability.
Performance and Command Set
Operating at a 100ns maximum access time, the chip offered sufficient speed for the processors of its era. It utilizes a JEDEC-standard command set, which simplified integration and software driver development. The write operations—both programming and erasing—are managed through a command user interface (CUI). Writing data is not performed by applying a simple voltage; instead, specific command sequences (like two-write cycles with specific data values on the address bus) are written to the chip to invoke internal algorithms that control the precise timing and voltage for cell programming and block erasure. This on-chip intelligent algorithms approach offloads the complexity from the external system controller and enhances the integrity of the operation.
Voltage and Power Management
The chip operates on a single 5.0 Volt ±10% power supply for all read, program, and erase operations, simplifying system power design. It also features a deep power-down mode, which reduces standby current consumption significantly, a crucial factor for power-sensitive applications. Furthermore, it offers a hardware-level WP (Write Protect) pin. When driven to ground, this pin instantly and unconditionally locks the two parameter blocks and the main boot block, providing an extra layer of hardware security against unintended modifications.
Endurance and Reliability
Built for robustness, the DT28F160S3-100 was specified for a minimum of 100,000 program/erase cycles per block. This endurance was more than adequate for firmware that might be updated periodically throughout the product's lifecycle. Data retention was rated at an impressive 20 years, ensuring the firmware would remain intact far beyond the useful life of the host device.
ICGOOODFIND
The Intel DT28F160S3-100 is a quintessential example of purpose-driven memory design. Its sophisticated boot block architecture provided an unparalleled solution for secure and recoverable firmware storage. The combination of a standard command set, single 5V operation, and robust hardware protection features made it a reliable and trusted workhorse in countless computing and embedded systems, from networking equipment to industrial controllers. Its legacy lies in establishing a secure foundation upon which systems could reliably boot and operate.
Keywords:
1. Boot Block Architecture
2. Firmware Storage
3. Hardware Protection
4. 5.0 Volt Operation
5. 100,000 P/E Cycles
